These results suggest that the pianists decoded two notes composing an octave interval as a single “two-tone geometric pattern.” Analyzing the characteristics of incorrect responses, we also found that pianists used the geometrical features of the spatial relationship between the note head and the ledger line, and that the cause of the misreading could be categorized into four types: Confusion to a neighboring note having the same ledger line configuration Interference from a commonly used height note having the same note name Misunderstanding based on the appearance probability Combination of the above three. The pianists were also able to recognize the octave interval correctly even if they misread the height (or pitch) of the target notes. When two notes with an octave interval were presented, interestingly, their readable range was extended compared to that of the single note. ![]() When a single note was presented, pianists easily read it when it was located within three ledger lines. We measured the accuracy of the musical score reading of 16 skilled pianists and investigated its relationship with the geometrical features. The aim of this study is to investigate the visual information pianists rely on when reading music. ![]() How do they achieve such fast decoding? Pianists may use geometrical features contained in the musical score, such as the distance between notes, to improve their efficiency in reading them. When sight-reading music, pianists have to decode a large number of notes and immediately transform them into finger actions.
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